EFFECTIVENESS OF UN PEACEKEEPING IN ASYMMETRIC AND PROTRACTED CONFLICTS: THE CASE OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (MONUSCO)

Abstract

The United Nations peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) stands as one of the longest and most resource-intensive operations in UN history, yet its effectiveness in resolving protracted and asymmetric conflict remains widely debated. This study aims to evaluate MONUSCO's ability to reduce violence, protect civilians, and support long-term peace in a complex environment marked by fragmented armed groups, weak governance, and shifting political dynamics. Using a qualitative case study methodology, the research draws on UN reports, field assessments, and conflict databases to analyze trends in security, political stabilization, and public perception. The data reveals that while MONUSCO has contributed to localized stability and capacity building, it has struggled to adapt to asymmetric threats and lacks cohesive local cooperation. Key findings highlight a gap between operational mandates and field realities, alongside declining public trust and increased resistance from the host state. Recommendations include narrowing mission focus, increasing coordination with African Union forces, and enhancing early exit strategies. Future implications suggest that peacekeeping in asymmetric conflicts requires a rethinking of mandate design, flexible engagement strategies, and political backing. The study concludes that without significant reform, traditional peacekeeping approaches may remain ill-equipped for today’s most complex conflicts.